Mario Alinei (with reference to Francisco Villar, Bryant: "It must be stated immediately that there is an unavoidable corollary of an Indigenist position. Genetic analysis and new carbon dating revealed that a significant proportion of the Roopkund remains belonged to people from somewhere in the eastern Mediterranean, most likely near Crete, and that they had perished at the lake only a couple of centuries ago. In the decades since Sax first visited, the lake had become a popular destination in the trekking community and the site was being ruined. The archaeological discovery of the archives of the Hittites and the classification of the Hittite language to a separate Anatolian branch of the Indo-European languages caused a sensation among historians, forcing a re-evaluation of Near Eastern history and Indo-European linguistics. By the early 20th century, well-defined descriptions of PIE had been developed that are still accepted today (with some refinements). "[30], Mathieson et al. Reich and Harney reject Fiedels genetic interpretation. [192], According to Anthony, the Pre-Germanic dialects may have developed in this culture between the Dniestr (west Ukraine) and the Vistula (Poland) at c.31002800 BCE, and spread with the Corded Ware culture. [2] The Indo-Aryans split-off around 18001600 BCE from the Iranians,[46] where-after they were defeated and split into two groups by the Iranians,[308] who dominated the Central Eurasian steppe zone[309] and "chased [the Indo-Aryans] to the extremities of Central Eurasia". One-third of three hundred, the lower estimate of the Roopkund dead, is a hundred people. [web 31] They support the controversial[web 31] hypothesis that the Indo-Aryan civilization was not introduced by Aryan migrations, but originated in pre-Vedic India. "[30] They further state that their findings are "consistent with historical models of cultural hybridity and 'middle ground' in a multicultural and multilingual but genetically homogeneous Bronze Age Anatolia," as proposed by other researchers. [297][298] In the late Neolithic, speakers of this dialect, which would become Proto-Greek, migrated from their homeland northeast of the Black Sea to the Balkans and into the Greek peninsula. But critics do exist and their objections can be summarized quite simply: Almost all of the arguments for invasion and cultural transformations are far better explained without reference to Kurgan expansions, and most of the evidence so far presented is either totally contradicted by other evidence, or is the result of gross misinterpretation of the cultural history of Eastern, Central, and Northern Europe. However, this view is not shared by linguists, as proto-languages generally occupy small geographical areas over a very limited time span, and are generally spoken by close-knit communities such as a single small tribe.[85]. Romance languages are either official, co-official, or significantly used in 72countries around the globe.[233][234][235][236][237]. Some archaeologists would extend the time depth of PIE to the middle Neolithic (5500 to 4500 BCE) or even the early Neolithic (7500 to 5500 BCE), and suggest alternative Proto-Indo-European original homelands. They are clearly a population of the Aegean area. The Roopkund B group made up more than a third of the samples testedfourteen individuals out of thirty-eight. [299] The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language, which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetically closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.[300]. The most popular hypothesis for the origin and spread of the language is the Kurgan hypothesis, which postulates an origin in the Pontic-Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe. There was lasting Hellenic influence in the region for centuries, although the eventual decline of Greek civilization largely brought direct contact with Greece to an end. Also, the Maykop (and other contemporary Caucasus samples), along with CHG from this date, had significant Anatolian Farmer ancestry "which had spread into the Caucasus from the west after about 5000 BC", while the Yamnaya had a lower percentage which does not fit with a Maykop origin. The investigation also revealed that three or possibly four skulls had compression fractures on the crown that had probably occurred at the time of death. [189] It developed east of the Carpathian mountains, south-eastern Central Europe, at around 33003200 BCE at the Dniestr river. Under a slab of rock, the team found the remains of a woman, bent double. Meanwhile, the Phrygian Kingdom was overwhelmed by Cimmerian invaders around 690 BCE, then briefly conquered by its neighbour Lydia, before it passed successively into the Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great and the empire of Alexander and his successors, was taken by the Attalids of Pergamon, and eventually became part of the Roman Empire. [web 19] During the subsequent centuries, migrating Germanic peoples reached the banks of the Rhine and the Danube along the Roman border, and also expanded into the territories of Iranian peoples north of the Black Sea. This paleoecological crisis had a significant effect on the economy of the tribes in the Late Catacomb and Post-Catacomb time stipulating their higher mobility and transition to the nomadic cattle breeding. (2015) shows that the people of the Sintashta culture are genetically related to those of the Corded Ware culture.[70]. The Kurgan model of Indo-European origins draws on both archaeology and linguistics to identify specific archaeological cultures with different stages of the Indo-European expansion. [162][163][164] This territory has been referred to as the Yuezhi Empire. Mitanni (Hittite cuneiform KURURUMi-ta-an-ni), also Mittani (Mi-it-ta-ni) or Hanigalbat (Assyrian Hanigalbat, Khanigalbat cuneiform a-ni-gal-bat) or Naharin in ancient Egyptian texts was a Hurrian (non-Indo-European)-speaking state in northern Syria and south-east Anatolia from c.15001300 BCE. The Thracians inhabited a large area in southeastern Europe,[264] including parts of the ancient provinces of Thrace, Moesia, Macedonia, Dacia, Scythia Minor, Sarmatia, Bithynia, Mysia, Pannonia, and other regions of the Balkans and Anatolia. Archaeologist Marija Gimbutas first proposed the Ukrainian origin, known as the kurgan hypothesis, in the 1950s. Gimbutas traced the language back to the Yamnaya people, herders from the. [135] The Indo-Iranians also borrowed their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from this culture. [1][2] Recent genetic research has increasingly contributed to understanding the kinship relations among prehistoric cultures. Perhaps, the Roopkund researchers thought, there might be a tribe or a group in India descended from Greeks. [306][307] The first wave consisted of the Indo-Aryan migration into the Levant and a migration south-eastward of the Vedic people, over the Hindu Kush into northern India. [283] The name Illyrians seems to be the name applied to a specific Illyrian tribe, which was the first to come in contact with the ancient Greeks during the Bronze Age,[284] causing the name Illyrians to be applied to all people of similar language and customs.[285]. Or maybe the dead were a detachment of soldiers from a thirteenth-century army sent by the Sultan of Delhi in an ill-fated attempt to invade Tibet, or a group of Tibet-bound traders who had lost their way. According to Gamkrelidze and Ivanov, PIE words for material culture objects imply contact with more advanced peoples to the south, the existence of Semitic loan-words in PIE, Kartvelian (Georgian) borrowings from PIE, some contact with Sumerian, Elamite and others. With written attestations appearing from the Bronze Age in the form of the Anatolian languages and Mycenaean Greek, the Indo-European family is significant in historical linguistics as possessing the second-longest recorded history, after the Afroasiatic family. Extant major Iranian languages are Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and Balochi, besides numerous smaller ones. [114] The adjacent BugDniester culture (63005500 BCE) was a local culture, from where cattle breeding spread to the steppe peoples. The origin of Rus. Reich is insistent that race is an artificial category rather than a biological one, but maintains that substantial differences across populations exist. In contrast, the indigenous groups of Old Europe had neither a warrior class nor horses. It would be a mistake to say these people were specifically from Crete, Reich said. Several large Indian cities have Armenian communities that go back centuries. As he put it in an e-mail, White people simply didnt exist ~8,000 years ago.. [49] According to Gimbutas, the social structure of Old Europe "contrasted with the Indo-European Kurgans who were mobile and non-egalitarian" and who had a hierarchically organised tripartite social structure; the IE were warlike, lived in smaller villages at times, and had an ideology that centered on the virile male, reflected also in their pantheon. These people were called "Tocharian" by late 19th-century scholars who identified them with the Tkharoi described by ancient Greek sources as inhabiting Bactria. [163] While the Yuezhi were pressuring the Xiongnu from the west, the Donghu were doing the same from the east. [web 30] Apart from Alinei himself, its leading members (referred to as "Scientific Committee" in the website) are linguists Xaverio Ballester (University of Valencia) and Francesco Benozzo (University of Bologna). And theres absolutely no reason to be up there if they werent on the pilgrimage. The idea of a group of eighteenth-century Greeks on a Hindu pilgrimage seemed far-fetched. Nanda Devi cursed the kingdom, unleashing drought and disaster, and infesting the milk and rice with maggots. In his standard work[12] about PIE and to a greater extent in a later abbreviated version,[13] Karl Brugmann took the view that the urheimat could not be identified exactly by the scholarship of his time, but he tended toward Schrader's view. Genetic research suggests that the Kalash have a Western European origin, and one disputed study found Greek heritage. Although Corded Ware is presumed to be largely derived from the Yamnaya culture, most Corded Ware males carried R1a Y-DNA, while males of the Yamnaya primarily carried R1b-M269. The earliest and midrange specimens' mitochondrial DNA (which is inherited from the mother) was almost entirely local. The Italic languages are a subfamily of the Indo-European language family originally spoken by Italic peoples. [223], By the 3rd century BC, the Pre-Roman Iron Age arose among the Germanic peoples, who were at the time expanding southwards at the expense of the Celts and Illyrians. [176][70][177], During the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Age, the cultures of Europe derived from Early European Farmers (EEF) were overwhelmed by successive invasions of Western Steppe Herders (WSHs) from the PonticCaspian steppe, who carried about 60% Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) and 40% Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer (CHG) admixture. [276], The Illyrians (Ancient Greek: , Illyrioi; Latin: Illyrii or Illyri) were a group of Indo-European tribes in antiquity, who inhabited part of the western Balkans and the southeastern coasts of the Italian peninsula (Messapia). In Pavel S. Avetisyan, Yervand H. Grekyan (eds. Ethnohistorical cases [] demonstrate that small elite groups have successfully imposed their languages in non-state situations. [135] It is likely that their arrival was one of gradual settlement and not as an invading army. Not only did the mystery of Roopkund appear to be solved; it also seemed that the local tales of Nanda Devis wrath had originated in an actual event. Its main proponents are Marcel Otte, Alexander Husler, and Mario Alinei. The spread to Cape Breton and Patagonia occurred in modern times. The work has produced startling insights into who we are as a species, where we have come from, and what we have done to one another. [20], Frederik Kortlandt postulates a shared common ancestor of Indo-European and Uralic, Proto-Indo-Uralic, as a possible pre-PIE. This contrasts with the model of Indo-Aryan migration which posits that Indo-Aryan tribes migrated to India from Central Asia. [6][7] David Anthony states that "Childe (1953:133-38) and Gimbutas (1963) speculated that migrants from the steppe Yamnaya horizon (33002600 BCE) might have been the creators of the Corded Ware culture and carried IE languages into Europe from the steppes. The mobility of the Kurgan culture facilitated its expansion over the entire region and is attributed to the domestication of the horse followed by the use of early chariots. It is the main competitor to the Kurgan hypothesis, or steppe theory, which enjoys more academic favor. [34] Some suggest an origin of Archaic PIE from languages of the (EHG) hunter-gatherers of the Eastern European/Eurasian Steppe, some suggest an origin in or south of the Caucasus, and others suggest a mixed origin from the languages of both aforementioned regions. I never heard a word, not a hint of a story, no folktale or anything, Sax told me. Around 28% of the Germanic vocabulary is of non-Indo-European origin. There are three views amongst scholars about how speakers of Armenian came to be in what is now Armenia. The term is derived from kurgan (), a Turkic loanword in Russian for a tumulus or burial mound. Harney and Reich began exploring the ancestry of the Roopkund B group, comparing the genomes with hundreds of present-day populations across Europe, Asia, and Africa. [79], Gimbutas' grouping is nowadays considered to have been too broad. The name comes from the Russian term of Turkish origin, "kurgan", which means tumuli characteristics of these peoples and mark their expansion in Europe. The eighteenth-century date was so unexpected that Reich and Harney at first thought it might be a typo, or that the samples had been contaminated. [316], The Sintashta culture emerged from the interaction of two antecedent cultures. [172] According to Anthony, this migration probably gave rise to Proto-Celtic[173] and Pre-Italic. Proposals for its origins point to both the eastern Khvalynsk and the western Sredny Stog culture;[43] according to Anthony it originated in the Don-Volga area at ca. During the 1st millennium BCE, they were spoken across much of Europe, in the Iberian Peninsula, from the Atlantic and North Sea coastlines, up to the Rhine valley and down the Danube valley to the Black Sea, the northern Balkan Peninsula and in central Asia Minor. The Tocharians, or "Tokharians" (/tkrinz/ or /tkrinz/) were inhabitants of medieval oasis city-states on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin (modern Xinjiang, China). [82], The primary competitor is the Anatolian hypothesis advanced by Colin Renfrew,[76][19] which states that the Indo-European languages began to spread peacefully into Europe from Asia Minor (modern Turkey) from around 7000 BCE with the Neolithic advance of farming by demic diffusion (wave of advance). The Criticism of Kurgan Theory Forgotten History 185 subscribers Subscribe 5.6K views 3 years ago In this episode I discuss why I don't believe in the Kurgan theory. The Italic languages, like Celtic ones, are split into P and Q forms: P-Italic includes Oscan and Umbrian, while Latin and Faliscan are included in the Q-Italic branch.[224]. Archaeology traces the spread of artifacts, habitations, and burial sites presumed to be created by speakers of Proto-Indo-European in several stages: from the hypothesized locations of the Proto-Indo-European homeland, into their later locations of Western Europe, Central, South and Eastern Asia. Anthony considers it likely that the Maykop spoke a Northern Caucasian language not ancestral to Indo-European. [web 23] The Dacians and Getae were always considered as Thracians by the ancients (Dio Cassius, Trogus Pompeius, Appian, Strabo and Pliny the Elder), and were both said to speak the same Thracian language. The earliest archaeological culture that may justifiably be considered Proto-Celtic is the Late Bronze Age Urnfield culture of Central Europe, which flourished from around 1200 BCE. [144] It is believed that the Tarim mummies, dated from 1800 BCE, represent a migration of Tocharian speakers from the Afanasevo culture in the Tarim Basin in the early 2nd millennium BCE;[39] however, a 2021 genetic study demonstrated the Tarim Mummies are remains of locals descending from Ancient North Eurasians and Northeast Asians, and instead suggested that "Tocharian may have been plausibly introduced to the Dzungarian Basin by Afanasievo migrants" -i.e. Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG)[88] i.e. C.C. 52005000 BCE the CucuteniTrypillia culture (60003500 BCE) (aka Tripolye culture), presumed to be non-Indo-European speaking, appears east of the Carpathian mountains, [117] moving the cultural frontier to the Southern Bug valley,[118] while the foragers at the Dniepr Rapids shifted to cattle herding, marking the shift to Dniepr-Donets II (5200/5000 4400/4200 BCE). [303], According to Herodotus, the Phrygians were initially dwelling in the southern Balkans under the name of Bryges (Briges), changing it to Phruges after their final migration to Anatolia, via the Hellespont. [263] [315] It is now recognised as a separate entity forming part of the 'Andronovo horizon'.[314]. Alister Hardy: Aquatic ape theory: our species evolved in water. But his research showed that as recently as eight thousand years ago there were at least four distinct groups of Europeans, as genetically different from one another as the British are from the Chinese today, some with brown skin color. This area extended over most of the Balkans region, and the Getae north of the Danube as far as beyond the Bug and including Panonia in the west.[265]. Roopkund C was a lone individual whose genome was typical of Southeast Asia. [31] Wells agrees with Cavalli-Sforza that there is "some genetic evidence for migration from the Middle East. The women consider themselves to be keepers of the goddesss memory, and Sax had recorded and translated many of their songs and stories of the pilgrimage. [web 25] The horse, which the Kassites worshipped, first came into use in Babylonia at this time. A careful excavation, she believes, might solve the mystery, especially if it is able to plumb the lake itself. Scholars estimate that PIE may have been spoken as a single language (before divergence began) around 3500 BCE, though estimates by different authorities can vary by more than a millennium. In 2015 a series of studies sequenced the DNA of human bones and other remains from many parts of Europe and Asia. It postulates that the people of a Kurgan culture in the Pontic steppe north of the Black Sea were the most likely speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language . [34][82][21][91] While the consensus is that early and late PIE languages originated on the Pontic steppes, the location of the origin of archaic PIE has become the focus of renewed attention, due to the question where the CHG-component came from, and if they were the carriers of archaic PIE. [135], The Indo-Iranian migrations took place in two waves. New evidence supports Anatolia hypothesis for origins of English Two centuries before Christ, parts of northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan formed the Indo-Greek Kingdom, the easternmost state of the Hellenic world. Kortlandt (2010) refers to Kortlandt, Frederik. "[206] In supplementary information to Haak et al. [8][web 2][9][205] According to Haak et al. ", Girish Shahane (Sep 14, 2019), in response to Narasimhan et al. [135] According to Anthony, the Old Indic religion probably emerged among Indo-European immigrants in the contact zone between the Zeravshan River (present-day Uzbekistan) and (present-day) Iran. The water is frozen most of the year, so the skeletons and artifacts visible on the lake bed have been kept safe from looters and souvenir hunters. The lake, about a hundred and thirty feet across and ten feet deep, is an emerald jewel nestled in a bowl of rock and ice. In the late eighties, he went on the pilgrimage himself, the only Westerner to have done so at that time, after which he published Mountain Goddess. The book describes how the Himalayas, associated for thousands of years in Indias literatures with famous pilgrimage places and powerful, ascetic renouncers, became the setting for followers to show devotion to the goddess by giving suffering to their bodies. Correct Test Weight Handling Guide: 12 Practical Tips 2015:211) fits the archaeological record. [note 30], Development of the Indo-European languages, Phylogenetic analysis of Indo-European languages, The Kurgan hypothesis and the "revised steppe theory", Steppe origins with south Caspian CHG-influences, Europe: migration into the Danube Valley (4200 BCE), Anatolia: Archaic Proto-Indo-European (Hittites; 45003500 BCE), Northern Caucasus: The Maykop culture (37003000 BCE), The Balkan-Danubian complex and the east-Carpathian contact-zone, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMallory1991 (, According to Gimbutas, these indigenous groups existed for nearly three millennia (c. 65003500 BCE, during the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Copper ages), consisting notably of the, David Anthony (1995): "Language shift can be understood best as a social strategy through which individuals and groups compete for positions of prestige, power, and domestic security [] What is important, then, is not just dominance, but vertical social mobility and a linkage between language and access to positions of prestige and power [] A relatively small immigrant elite population can encourage widespread language shift among numerically dominant indigenes in a non-state or pre-state context if the elite employs a specific combination of encouragements and punishments. Supplementary Information", "The Emergence of the Indo-Iranians: The Indo-Iranian Languages", "Kaukasus und Orient: Die Entstehung des 'Maikop-Phnomens' im 4. Many of these invaders settled in Anatolia, in some cases causing the extinction of the Anatolian languages. Genetic science was vital in discrediting racist biological theories and establishing that racial categories are ever-shifting social constructs that do not align with genetic variation. [23] Anthony notes that those Semitic borrowings may also have occurred through the advancement of Anatolian farmer cultures via the Danube valley into the steppe zone. [48][note 1] The Yamnaya people's social organization, especially a patrilinear and patriarchal structure, greatly facilitated their effectiveness in war. She told me, We hoped that after the paper was published someone would come forward with information that would help us determine what might have happened at Roopkundsome historian or a person with knowledge of a group of European travellers who vanished in the Himalayas around that time.. It is quite possible that these bones were contaminated, he said, and the researchers were simply taking their provenance on trust: They didnt actually collect them themselves. Having been fascinated with the regions way of life for four decades, he also found the scientists perspective lacking. Yet, Reich also notes that "the evidence here is circumstantial as no ancient DNA from the Hittites themselves has yet been published,", Wang et al. On the other hand, the Kurgan hypothesis claims Proto-Indo-European spread from the Pontic steppe after developing around 4500 BCE.. Carolita Johnson demonstrates how to draw wedding dresses and explains why no one invites her to weddings anymore. The Maykop culture (37003000) emerges somewhat earlier in the northern Caucasus. [267] We speak of proto-Thracians from which during the Iron Age[268] (about 1000 BCE) Dacians and Thracians begin developing. [66] He observes that this change is facilitated by "systematic changes in community structure", in which a local community becomes incorporated in a larger social structure. (2019): "Hindutva activists, however, have kept the Aryan Invasion Theory alive, because it offers them the perfect strawman, an intentionally misrepresented proposition that is set up because it is easier to defeat than an opponents real argument [] The Out of India hypothesis is a desperate attempt to reconcile linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence with Hindutva sentiment and nationalistic pride, but it cannot reverse times arrow [] The evidence keeps crushing Hindutva ideas of history.". [171] Anthony excludes the Globular Amphora culture.[1]. That's what makes it paint such a clear picture [of how the root language spread] and why you can really see the migrations so easily on a map.. The alternative, and for many years, the more accepted view was that Indo-European languages originated around 3,000 years later in the Steppes of Russia (the Kurgan hypothesis). [163] A large number of peoples, including the Wusun, the states of the Tarim Basin, and possibly the Qiang,[164] were under the control of the Yuezhi. (eds.). The evolution of Proto-Greek could be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. Introduced by Marija Gimbutas in 1956, it combines kurgan archaeology with linguistics to locate the origins of the peoples who spoke the Proto-Indo-European language. At present, Latin and its daughter Romance languages are the only surviving languages of the Italic language family. 10 Most Famous Scientific Theories That Were Later Debunked On average, a Black person in America has an ancestry that is around eighty per cent African and twenty per cent European. [30], According to Kroonen et al. BCE), then part of the central European Urnfield culture system (1300-750 BCE). The research on the Indo-Aryan migrations began with the study of the Rig Veda in the mid-19th century by Max Muller, and gradually evolved from a theory of a large scale invasion of a racially and technologically superior people to being a slow diffusion of small numbers of nomadic people that had a disproportionate societal impact on a large urban population. Yamnaya culture), the prototypical, This page was last edited on 10 April 2023, at 23:03. [10][11][1][12][13][14] The Sintashta culture grew into the Andronovo culture[10][11][1][12][13][14] (c.1900[15]800 BCE), the two first phases being the Fedorovo Andronovo culture (c.19001400 BCE)[15] and Alakul Andronovo culture (c.18001500 BCE). (2015) also found close autosomal genetic relationship between peoples of Corded Ware culture and Sintashta culture. Under sterile conditions, the scientists in Hyderabad drilled into long bones and teeth, producing a powder. Anthropologists and geneticists are two groups speaking different languages and getting to know each other. Research into human origins and the differences between populations is always vulnerable to misuse. Your Pun-Divided Attention: How the Brain Processes Wordplay. The last mention of the Phrygian language in literature dates to the fifth century CE and it was likely extinct by the seventh century.[305]. [164] Evidence from Chinese records indicate the peoples of Central Asia as far west as the Parthian Empire were under the sway of the Yuezhi. [4][11] Theodor Poesche had proposed the nearby Pinsk Marshes. Ancestors of Germanic and Balto-Slavic may have spread with the Corded Ware, originating east of the Carpatians, while the Danube Valley was ancestral to Italo-Celtic. [6][7], The eastern part of the Corded Ware culture contributed to the Sintashta culture (c.21001800 BCE), where the Indo-Iranian language and culture emerged, and where the chariot was invented. [261], Modern nations and ethnic groups called by the ethnonym Slavs are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally, and relations between them even within the individual ethnic groups themselves are varied, ranging from a sense of connection to mutual feelings of hostility.[262]. [131] According to Anthony, if it separated from Proto-Indo-European, it likely did so between 4500 and 3500 BCE. (2015), "both south-north and north-south genetic influence across the Caucasus is plausible.". By signing up, you agree to our User Agreement and Privacy Policy & Cookie Statement. 4000 and 3000 BCE, Neolithic populations in western Europe declined, probably due to the plague and other viral hemorrhagic fevers. [44], The western Indo-European languages (Germanic, Celtic, Italic) probably spread into Europe from the Balkan-Danubian complex, a set of cultures in Southeastern Europe. [304], From tribal and village beginnings, the state of Phrygia arose in the eighth century BCE with its capital at Gordium. On investigation, Reichs team found that the modern genetic profile of the Kalash did not resemble that of Roopkund B. Childe assumed that large-scale migrations would have been associated with the prehistoric . (2015) envision a migration of both males and females from the Yamnaya horizon through western Ukraine and Poland into Germany. Gordon Childe had opposed the Nordic Theory since 1926 for ideological reasons, deeming it too . A major problem with Anthony's proposal is that those Yamna-migrants were R1b-carriers, which also appears in the Bell-Beaker people, while the Corded Ware people seem to have been R1a-carriers, which has not been found among Yamna-people. Proto-Indo-Iranian arose due to this influence.